Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems. Since ophthalmologists perform operations on eyes, they are both surgical and medical specialists.

• Anterior segment surgery
• Retinal ophthalmology, which emphasizes such things as laser treatment of the retina and actual retinal surgery.
• Cataracts — not usually considered a subspecialty per se, since most general ophthalmologists perform cataract surgery
• Cornea, ocular surface, and external disease
• Glaucoma
• Medical retina, deals with treatment of retinal problems through non-surgical means.
• Neuro-ophthalmology
• Ocular oncology
• Oculoplastics & Orbit surgery
• Ophthalmic pathology
• Pediatric ophthalmology/Strabismus (squint)
• Refractive surgery
• Uveitis
• Vitreo-retinal surgery, deals with surgical management of retinal and posterior segment diseases and disorders. Medical retina and vitreo-retinal surgery sometimes together called posterior segment subspecialisation.